Napster Essays -- essays research papers

Napster: The Debate Over Copyright Infringement In early 1999, Shawn Fanning, a Northeastern University freshman, created Napster software. That summer he made it available for free through his Napster.com website. Napster is a peer-to-peer technology, which makes it possible for users to freely share their music files through the internet with other users all over the world. Specifically, this is how Napster works: 1.)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A user sends a request for a song. 2.)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Napster checks its database of music to see if the song is on the PC hard-drive of another Napster user whose computer is turned on (Note: No music is stored on Napster servers). 3.)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Napster finds the song. 4.)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Napster sends the song in MP3 format to the user who requested On December 6, 1999 the record industry sued Napster in Federal District Court for copyright infringements, and petitioned that court to shut down Napster. On July 26, 2000 the judge issued a temporary injunction to shut down Napster, and the next day Napster appealed the ruling before the U.S. Court of Appeals in San Francisco. The following day the Appeals Court granted Napster temporary reprieve against injunction so they could further review the injunction request. On October 2, 2000 the opposing parties presented their supporting arguments before the Court. The case was finally resolved on February 12, 2001 when a ruling by the District Court of Appeals upheld the original ruling that Napster was aware its users were swapping copyrighted materials. Subsequently, Napster was ordered to stop allowing its millions of users to swap copyrighted material without a fee. There are several ethical issues involved in this case. First is the theft of the copyrighted music produced by artists who have not given Napster the right to transmit their music. Secondly, is the right of Napster to provide a legitimate service to consumers, and how that right has been attacked by artists in the recording industry. There are, indeed, two sides to this story. The stakeholders involved in this case are the artists, the recording industry as a whole, retailers, and consumers. All of these stakeholders are affected equally in this matter. The artists, recording industry, and music retailers face substantial loss of income if c... ...g they need to do, considering the investment in the company. Perhaps the optimal solution for Napster’s dilemma is the possibility of a cable TV type payment. Users pay a certain monthly fee for all the downloaded music they wanted. They could chat with their favorite artists, get first claim on concert tickets, and browse possible downloads by genre. The new system would pay the artists their royalties and sell millions of older titles that at present are sitting in vaults because no stores will give them shelf space. This option has the advantages of cooperation between the music industry and Napster. Napster users will have the same type of service as they do now, with extras so they won’t have to turn to no-fee options (Gnutella and Freenet). Music companies will be able to use the Internet for sales of all their merchandise. If music companies can package a better experience people will pay for it. In a recent survey of college students more than two thirds of the respondents would be willing to pay for a $20 dollar monthly fee of a similar service. The only foreseeable disadvantage of this solution is the plausibility of the record companies cooperating in such an effort.

Strategic Management and Lego

1st CASE STUDYWinter term 2012/2013Student: Aitor Martin SantanaProfessor: Ravinder Kaur-LahrmannSubject: Management Tools| THE LEGO GROUP 1. In this case I have identified some key characteristics that are in relation with the strategy that LEGO has been following. In the 1970-1980 decades, environment was hostile. There was a huge oil crisis, and there were too much difficulties. However, LEGO maintained its philosophy, and their image of unique and iconic brand. Competence was also hard, with Mattel and Hasbro in the market, but LEGO sustained its powerful position.If we focus, for example, in the strategy that they carried out between 1995 and 1998, an interesting fact is that their objectives (become the best known global brand, increase the sales, etc. ) are set in a long term direction. Another important point is that they wanted to expand the scope of their activities. They entered in new areas such as films, games†¦ and they also built new LEGOLAND parks. However, the t urnaround attempts that happened between 1999 and 2003 forced this company to check their strategy. Different factors such as the changing environment, lead times†¦ affected negatively LEGO`s strategy.This shows that the uncertainty of strategic decisions is also decisive. If we look at the exploring strategy model, we can see that the strategic decisions have affected the three main elements (position, choices and action). Regarding to the strategic choices for example, we can mention the corporate-level and the business level strategies. I think that LEGO took some correct decisions, such as changing their relationship with retailers, renewing their supply chain†¦ 2. There are many external features that have more or less influenced LEGO`s strategy development.One of this factors has been the competitor`s influence. Due to the high competitiveness in the toy market, LEGO has to make a big effort in strategy in order to be one of the leaders of this industry. Other import ant issue is the supply and the distribution. The main reason of changing their strategy is that sales were seasonal and they had to adapt their supply system to this. Concerning the distributors we can state that retailers were putting too much pressure on the company, so the solution consisted on bringing their positions in order to achieve better results.Maybe one of the reasons of starting a digital strategy was the obsolescence of their products. There are other influences worth mentioning, such as the economic (crisis and bad cost management) and social (criticism of the public). 3. Improvements of the capital structure were important resources that have enabled LEGO to achieve their successful results. If we focus on intangible resources, we can say that the reputation of this firm is key element, especially because they created an image of a family-run company, which give consumers, shareholders, suppliers†¦ a feeling of trust.Kjeld played an important role. On the othe r hand one of the most important competences of LEGO is their brand. This is one of the oldest and better known toy companies in the world, so we can say that their brand is iconic. In my opinion, this is the main core competence of LEGO. 4. I think that the various internal and external factors responsible for problems were the key element in the development of those alternative strategies. They forced Kejld to take those decisions.The previous years were adverse, and there were internal problems such as financial and logistic difficulties, longer lead times, etc. Also external factors such as competitor`s rising power and problems with suppliers were determinant in taking the strategic decisions. In my view, two were the most important strategies: focusing on cost and the supply chain and innovating. Managing the costs efficiently is very important, especially for companies that produce seasonal products. This gives security. Innovation provides a company an extra value.Inviting t he consumers to participate in product development was an excellent idea, because in the toy market is necessary to have lots of ideas. LEGO needed new, better and more ideas. 5. In order to approach future strategy development, they could focus on one of the four strategic lenses (strategy as a design, strategy as experience, strategy as ideas and strategy as discourse). If they chose the design lens, their managers would have to take rational decisions with a high grade of legitimacy such as those related to costs, their product`s marketing, etc.They also should take a look on economic performance, which is very important in LEGO Group. Also, they could focus in the experience lens. Focusing on this lens would be a possible decision, because LEGO has a lot of individual and collective experience. Although LEGO could focus on this lens, I personally think this would not be the best option because LEGO needs innovation and new ideas for the future, and this lens states that the futu re has to be made based in the past. The next would be the ideas lens. This would be, with the design, the ens which better would fit with LEGO Group`s strategy, and the one that they should develop most. I say this because in the market where this company competes new ideas are very important, in order to maintain competitiveness. Finally there would be the discourse lens, which I think could also be a good strategy for LEGO, but not the best, because we have to remember that LEGO doesn`t want its managers to have too much power and legitimacy. Their work should be more focused on teamwork and cooperation between higher and lower power levels in the company.

Analysis of The Cool Web, by Robert Graves - 1627 Words

The Cool Web Children are dumb to say how hot the day is, How hot the scent is of the summer rose, How dreadful the black wastes of the evening sky, How dreadful the tall soldiers drumming by. But we have speech, to chill the angry day, And speech, to dull the rose s cruel scent. We spell away the overhanging night, We spell away the soldiers and the fright. There s a cool web of language winds us in, Retreat from too much joy or too much fear We grow sea-green at last and coldly die In brininess and volubility. But if we let our tongues lose self-possession, Throwing off language and its watery clasp Before our death, instead of when death comes, Facing the wide glare of the children s day, Facing the rose, the dark†¦show more content†¦The reader is jolted as these adjectives are associated with unfamiliar subjects. This is a form of foregrounding to draw attention to the language of the poem. The use of cruel to describe the scent of a rose is especially jarring. Almost without exception the rose is a symbol of romance and love, not one of cruelty. Graves seems to be implying that anything that intrudes - even something pleasant - is objectionable and to be dulled. By describing the night as overhanging Graves refers to the sense of intimidation, of something unexpected looming over us. The poet then tells us that this should - and can be - be spelled away as undesirable. The verb spell in the phrase we spell away (lines 7 and 8) Graves exploits a double meaning of spell to intertwine the ideas of language and trickery. In the linguistic context spell means to form a word by arranging its constituent letters in the correct order. Spell also means to influence someone or something by means of magical powers. In this way, the poet concentrates a number of images into a single word. An adult s desire to misrepresent reality is a form of magical spell, but it requires the ability to spell words. (Graves also uses this technique in line 1 by describing children as dumb. This could mean that they are stupid and therefore unable to manipulate and distort the world. ItShow MoreRelatedDesigner Case Study Design and Technology Essay6997 Words   |  28 Pagesservices for the performers: rehearsal room, dressing rooms, library, etc In 1979, Alessandro Mendini invited eleven architects from all over the world to design a tea and coffee set: Michael Graves, Hans Hollein, Charles Jencks, Richard Meier, Paolo Portoghesi, Aldo Rossi, Stanley Tigerman, Oscar Tusquets, Robert Venturi, Kazumasa Yamashita and Mendini himself. The overall set is an exercise in micro-architecture, reflecting the various architectural styles of the day. The outcome was presented as TeaRead MoreFrankenstein Study Guide14107 Words   |  57 Pagescultures, and it was not uncommon for people to hold negative views toward cultures they didn’t understand. 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Hartley Cleveland State University JOHN WILEY SONS, INC. VICE PRESIDENT PUBLISHER EXECUTIVE EDITOR ASSISTANT EDITOR PRODUCTION MANAGER PRODUCTION ASSISTANT EXECUTIVE MARKETING MANAGER ASSISTANT MARKETING MANAGER MARKETING ASSISTANT DESIGN DIRECTOR SENIOR DESIGNER SENIOR MEDIA EDITOR George Hoffman Lise Johnson Carissa Doshi Dorothy Sinclair Matt Winslow Amy Scholz Carly DeCandia Read MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pageslamentable. Taken together, the key themes and processes that have been selected as the focus for each of the eight essays provide a way to conceptualize the twentieth century as a coherent unit for teaching, as well as for written narrative and analysis. 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Essay about Sweat Harlem Renaissance and Delia - 995 Words

Sweat By Zora Neale Hurston Zora Neale Hurston is a remarkable author who reflects her life in most of her novels, short stories, and her essays. She was a writer during the Harlem Renaissance, also known as â€Å"the new negro movement†, however; her writings were not given proper recognition at first because they were not of the â€Å"norm† for that time period. All of the authors during the Harlem Renaissance were expected to write about race with a political mind set. Hurston was tired of seeing the same writings just different authors so her literary works were very different and were meant to stand out (Trudell). Among all of her abstracts, Sweat was a story of determination and oppression, with religion and strength as the backbone of†¦show more content†¦He flaunted his mistress around the town so bluntly as to show that he cared nothing about Delia or their marriage. He was the worst husband possible and did everything he could to disrespect and belittle his wife In reading the story it is easy to see that Sykes becomes somewhat jealous of Delia. At first, he did all that he could to win Delia’s heart and keep it. As said by Walter Thomas, one of the minor characters in the story, â€Å"he useter be so skeered uh losin’ huh, she could make him do some parts of a husband’s duty† (Hurston 4). Yet somehow, Sykes falls out of love with Delia early in their marriage and that’s when his oppression over her began. He not only wears her down by beating her and ultimately changing her appearance, he also abuses her mentally. He resented not only the fact that Delia was the only one of the two that was financially stable within the household, but he mostly resented her job and the reality that she was comfortable with washing clothes for the â€Å"white folks†. Time and time again he tried everything in his power to make sure she didn’t finish her days work as a wash woman. For example he shows his disgu st with her job when he comes home in the beginning of the story an sees his wife working, â€Å"he stepped roughly upon the whitest pile of things, kicking them helter-skelter as he crossed the room† (Hurston). He blatantly disrespects her and sends the message that no matter what heShow MoreRelated Theme of Good vs. Evil in â€Å"Sweat† Essay1213 Words   |  5 PagesThe main character in Zora Neale Hurston’s â€Å"Sweat† is a black woman who resides in the South that clutches on to her belief in God to help her get through the suffering that she endures from her abusive and adulterous husband, Sykes. â€Å"Sweat† is full of religious symbolism that demonstrates that Hurston was using the theme of good vs. evil in the short story. In the very beginning of â€Å"Sweat† one can see that Delia possesses a very strong work ethic, by the way that she is working vigorously toRead MoreAnalysis Of Sweat By Zora Neale Hurston1544 Words   |  7 Pageswomen were looked at as submissive and did not have many rights. She gave women a voice. Zora Neale Hurston is a remarkable author who reflects her life in most of her writing. She was a writer during the Harlem Renaissance Era. After much success, she was acknowledged as â€Å"Queen of the Harlem Renaissance.† Her literary work was not given proper recognition in the beginning because she chose to write things in a different perspective than the normal political mindset dealing with race. Hurston exploredRead MoreSpunk Play Review1400 Words   |  6 PagesTrue Color Theatre Company’s production of Spunk: Three Tales by Zora Neale Hurston at the 14th Street Playhouse on September 25, 2013, presented the audience with a very culturally embellished ve rsion of Hurston’s original three tales: â€Å"Sweat,† â€Å"Story in Harlem Slang,† and â€Å"The Gilded Six Bits.† Zora Neale Hurston strived to portray the reality of life as an African American in the early 1900s through native dialect in her short stories and novels. Her most notable production, Their Eyes Were WatchingRead MoreZora Neale Hurston s Poem, Sweat, A Story2069 Words   |  9 Pagesof her mother. The event of her mother’s death rocked the foundation of Hurston’s family and she soon ventured out on her own. Hurston’s writing career began after she moved to Harlem. While there she co-founded the magazine â€Å"Fire!!†, which contained her first play, â€Å"Color Struck† and one of her first short stories, â€Å"Sweat, A Story†. Through her writing Hurston was able to explore the concept of colorism and Black womanhood that other authors in the magazine may have glossed over. By doing this HurstonRe ad MoreThe Concept Of Inherited Conflict In James Baldwin Go Tell It On The Mountain1203 Words   |  5 Pagesplayed a major role during the Harlem Renaissance onward. Beginning with the magazine, Fire!! to the novel written by James Baldwin, Go Tell it on the Mountain. This paper will examine the idea of Inherited Conflict through the magazine as well as the novel. It will examine the idea of isolation within the black community and how it effects the characters within the stories. Fire!! The magazine, Fire!! a variety of stories including; Smoke, Lilies and Jade and Sweat. It also had three drawings thatRead MoreMarxism And Feminism In Sweat By Zora Neal Hurston949 Words   |  4 Pagesproperty. Starting from the Harlem Renaissance the Hurston’s work focuses on issues presenting on the turmoil of African-Americans from American literature in the nineteenth century on. Zora Neal Hurston’s work entitled â€Å"Sweat† is a prime example of how culture is affected by its cultures standards of economic â€Å"base†. The story was published in 1926 during a time of trial and error considering the obstacles that faced many female authors at the time. Hurston’s story â€Å"Sweat† overlaps with her novel â€Å"TheirRead MoreWomen Empowerment : Work, Sweat, Pray1778 Words   |  8 Pages Women Empowerment: Work, Sweat, Pray Zora Neale Hurston was one of many authors who left an impact on society, particularly black America. Hurston is a remarkable author who reflects her life in most of her writings. She was a writer during the Harlem Renaissance Era. After much success, she was acknowledged as â€Å"Queen of the Harlem Renaissance,† yet her literary work was not given proper recognition in the beginning because she chose to write things in a different perspectiveRead More`` Sweat `` By Zora Neale Hurston1274 Words   |  6 PagesNora Neale Hurston’s â€Å"Sweat† evokes the meaning of sacrificing all means of happiness to survive. With its analogies that depicts biblical connotations and Southern African- American origins, â€Å"Sweat† introduces problems within the African American community. This Harlem Renaissance literature dictates a young, black woman who has been deprived of her youth; she is forced to be the provider, and she is subjected to a loveless marriage. Del ia, the unfortunate soul, is neglected by her husband, whoRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance By Zora Neale Hurston1896 Words   |  8 Pages Personal Identity The Harlem Renaissance was a period from the end of World War I through the middle of the Great Depression, during which a group of talented African-American writers produced a body of poetry, fiction, drama, and essays. Zora Neale Hurston is considered to be one of the most influential contributors to the Harlem Renaissance period. Hourston grew up in this culturally affirming setting due to her father’s mentality, despite frequent confrontations with her preacher-father, sheRead MoreSweat, By Zora Neale Hurston1776 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"Sweat,† a short story written by Zora Neale Hurston depicts the story of Delia, a washerwoman who is physically and mentally abused by her husband, Sykes. As Hurston explains, Delia is a strong, hardworking, calm, brave, and understanding woman who is able to stand with her head held high even through all the troubles she endures. In contrast, Sykes is abusive, a coward, troubleshooter and a man who depends on his wife to provide for him. He even has the indecency to use Delia’s money to pay for

The Time Period Of Transcendentalism - 1278 Words

The time period of transcendentalism changed the views of many people through setting different principles otherwise known as tenets. These tenets I am going to focus on is: confidence, self-reliance, free thought, nonconformity, and the importance of nature. Transcendentalism was a philosophical movement in the 1800’s where people responded to the strict rules back then. They declared that they didn’t have to follow all of the rules and decided to go off of independent tenets. Many pieces of literature contain some or all of these tenets, the ones I’m going to discuss and analyze today are Still I Rise by Maya Angelou that focuses on self-reliance and stanza 1 and 52 from Song of Myself by Walt Whitman which focuses on all tenets of transcendentalism. All of the 5 tenets are very important, but the one that overcomes all the others in my life is confidence. Many pieces of literature contain at least all tenets, but reference them in different ways. Although ther e are tons of poems out there that contain some of the principles, I focused on Maya Angelou and her poem Still I Rise. The poem, Still I Rise written by Maya Angelou has a main focus of self-reliance, but can express all tenets of transcendentalism depending on how you interpret each stanza. Still I Rise is a poem about Maya Angelou relying on herself and standing up for what she believes in. Throughout the poem, you can see that self-reliance is the most prominent tenet Angelou uses, using repetition to say IShow MoreRelatedEmily Dickinson And Walt Whitman1719 Words   |  7 Pagesmany types of themes and periods of writing. Each writer has their own style and way of conveying what they want to say to their readers. A lot of time what and how an author writes comes from how they grew up and the experiences they have had. They find a way to insert themselves and their emotions into words that move the readers in some way. One of the most popular periods of writing would be the rom anticism era. Some of the most well known authors in this time period were Emily Dickinson andRead MoreTranscendentalism And Its Impact On Society964 Words   |  4 PagesTranscendentalism began around 1836 in New England. The transcendentalist believed that society and its organized institutions were corrupting the purity of individuals. Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) was a famous transcendentalist that wrote â€Å"Where I Lived, and What I Lived For†. In this literature Thoreau argues that people need to simplify their lives and enjoy it. Transcendentalism played a big role back then and is a big deal even today as is it still relevant in our time period. In the literatureRead MoreThe Roots Of Transcendentalism And The United States1481 Words   |  6 Pagesavailable; the main contributors to the ideas of this period were Emerson, Whitman, and Thoreau. The roots of Transcendentalism can be traced back to the early 19th century to a religious movement called Unitarianism. This movement rejected that man’s knowledge came primarily through the sense and instead believed the internal, spiritual principles were the basis for man’s understanding of the world. Even though the period of Transcendentalism emerged in the 1830s, it is surprising to know the mainRead MoreAmerican Renaissance Writers Essays1409 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican Renaissance Writers ENG/491 December 19, 2011 Peggy Walls American Renaissance Writers The American Renaissance, in literary circles occurred during the middle to late 1800s. â€Å"One of the most important influences of the period was that of the transcendentalists† (Britannica, 2011). Major writers during this perid had a common bond. Their platform was ‘an idealic system of thought based on a belief in the essential unity of all creation, the innate goodness of man, and the supremacyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Into The Wild By Jon Krakauer1669 Words   |  7 PagesElements of Transcendentalism In the book, â€Å"Into the Wild† by Jon Krakauer, Chris McCandless is an in-the-closet transcendentalist; all of his ethics match up with those of a transcendentalist, yet he never admits he is one. McCandless agrees with all of the components of transcendentalism and follows them unremittingly as soon as he graduates from college, and he lives by those components to a fault, which ultimately led to his death. Deliberate living, nonconformity, and simplicity are three cardinalRead MoreThe True Transcendentalist: Thoreau and Emerson775 Words   |  3 Pagesmovements. Like the Puritan which was a time of when people wrote personal poems, journals, and their personal diaries. The next is Enlightenment period was a time in which it was mostly about science and logic also it included political writings. Another wonderful literary movement is the Romanticism which was filled with emotion, individuality, and nature. But one of the greatest literary movements the one that will be f ocused on is transcendentalism. Transcendentalism is intuition and individual conscienceRead MoreThe Similarities Of Transcendentalism And American Romanticism1386 Words   |  6 Pagesappeals to the modern generation. Two of the most prevalent literary eras were Transcendentalism and American Romanticism . Both of these movements occurred in the mid 1800’s. Although they occurred during the time period they do have their differences. Contrasts can be seen in their authors’ purpose and in their beliefs, but Transcendentalism and American Romanticism do hold many easily comparable similarities. Transcendentalism and American Romanticism authors wanted to discover themselves and lead theirRead MoreThe Goals And Ideas Of The Transcendentalist Philosophers916 Words   |  4 Pagesfinest of my abilities. How about we start with a little background and history? Sounds good? Great! First, transcendentalism is a movement that started in the early to mid-nineteenth century. According to definitions online, a transcendentalist Philosopher is a person that accepts ideas as a way of understanding life relationships rather than religious beliefs. Moreover, Transcendentalism describes a very modest idea. Men, women, children, and people in general are knowledgeable about themselvesRead MoreTranscendentalism And The American Renaissance1693 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"the idea of American Renaissance has been so influential in part of the literature of this time period, and was crucial to the development of American literary traditions† (4). This created a diverse movement apart of the American Renaissance reform called, Transcendentalism. The Transcendentalism period which outlined majority of the Renaissance, was led by writer, Ralph Waldo Emerson. Transcendentalism is largely defined by the ideals of, religion, self reliance, civil disobedience, individualismRead MoreModern Youth Transcendentalism864 Words   |  3 Pages When the original founders of the transcendentalism wrote about their experiences, they had no idea what they would trigger. Thousands of American citizens would end up following their writings and findings looking for a better life and future. They inspired a multitude of individuals to be more than themselves and observe their surroundings. Throughout modern American society, the majority of youths attempt to follow a transcendental path in their everyday lives; however they find it difficult

Nikita Khrushchev Nikita Free Essays

Khrushchev was a self-made man, even with his unfortunate and harsh upbringing he still managed to make a name for himself. He became one of the most powerful and influential leaders In Russia, simultaneously holding the offices of Premier of the U. S. We will write a custom essay sample on Nikita Khrushchev Nikita or any similar topic only for you Order Now S. R. And First Secretary of the Communist Party. Strong willed, and committed, Nikkei Khrushchev fought for what he believed in and striver to make his country, Russia, a better place. Nikolas Khrushchev was born In a southern Russian village of Slovakia on April 5th 1894 . He was born into a poor family as a result he had to help his father take care of the family at the tender age of fifteen . Ata young age he learned how to work hard and fend for himself, which is one of the reason he was such a strong leader, people could relate to him more than the upper and middle class politicians. He was then drafted Into the Czarist army during World War I and soon after willingly Joined the communist party and the Russian Red army stood against the white army , people who favored the Czar Nobility. He got the education he needed as an adult so he could be appointed secretary of the communist party Committee. As he rose to power, he never used it to manipulate or harm his people unlike his successor Joseph Stalin. He believed his only Job, as a leader was to make his people happy and restore the lost honor of Russia. He wanted Russia to be Just as advanced as Its rival country; united States. He launched programs to promote agriculture, heavy Industrial and military production. HIS plan for agriculture had a huge Impact n soviet life, since new tractors and machinery were to be built it created more jobs, which boosted the Russian economy. It also increased the amount of crops produced during harvest; by almost triple the amount of crops . One of his main policies was peaceful coexistence; it assumes a readiness to solve all outstanding issues without resorting to force by means of negotiation and reasonable compromises. For example, he openly did not agree with capitalist but he still believed underlying Issues could be worked out without war. He didn’t believe In forcing his Ideas on people and that people should believe what they wanted to without being penalized, it was almost like a democracy. Although he did many good things for his country, many historians disagree that Nikkei benefited Russia (Soviet Union) at all. In Fact some wonder if events such as the Berlin Scrolls would have happened If someone else ruled the Soviet union. The Berlin Mà ªlà ©es crisis was a huge misunderstanding. All countries were taking precautions. The U. S installed several missiles sites all over Europe and one appended to be in range to strike Moscow, the Capital of the Soviet union. As a precaution the soviets put missiles in Cuba that could strike almost any portion of the U. S . Any leader would have reacted this way but his funding of the missile development at the expense of naval and regular forces had alienated the military. They say he failed to revive soviet agriculture because the steps taken to achieve his peace, he should have known that the capitalists would not succumb to his policies without a little force. In order for his policies to succeed he would need the full or charity support of his people. In contrast I don’t think he failed, the agriculture industry boomed, and the economy skyrocketed because he created more Jobs. He also made his country more technologically advanced than any other ruler could. For example, tractors, missiles etcetera. Even though historians say he cause havoc, I don’t think he should be blamed for the Berlin crisis, soviet-U. S antagonism would largely have remained and the world would still have been trapped in a cold war. How to cite Nikita Khrushchev Nikita, Papers

Motion Engineering Structural Motion Engineering

Question: Discuss about the Motion Engineering: Structural Motion Engineering? Answer: Introduction The find-out the motion of individual, and delayed moments in the process, Some process was designed to find useful motions and to utilize added even split-seconds of delayed time, this process was known as Therblig Analysis, Similarly another analysis were also discovered i.e. Motion economy, General posture and Ergonomics, and work Environment Analysis. Base on the above analytical check list, we have identified internal food process system of popular restaurant in our area, which is known as Odd Duck restaurant. This restaurant is found in Milwaukee city, near bay view sector, it is attractable to the entire person whether it is Non-vegetarian or vegetarian under one roof. In 2009, this spot is opened by brothers Bryce and Dylan Gilmore. Later it was named as Odd Duck and opened that December. It became famous in very short period of time and people were enjoying that food. To know the internal food processing system of this famous restaurant we have gone through the following checklists which are as follows. Short notes on (Therblig analysis checklist) from Annexure In Therbrlig analysis checklist, it was found that, normally we have to find the way to kitchen area. We have easily observed that some serviceman coming from a room which is other side of the bar. We have stepped into the kitchen room. The Kitchen looks like well arranged. All the kitchen Cutlery are well placed in that area, Lot ovens like microwave, Heating Oven, and normal gas oven are well placed at the center place of Kitchen. Each of the Chefs has a movable rack nearby, from where the entire necessary Item like knife, semi prepared food and other utensil are kept. After conversation it was found that this rack were designed for particular dishes, whenever order comes some other staff fill the racks with necessary item and place them near the Chef. Short notes on ( Work environment checklist) from Annexure Illumination is quite good in this area, all the LEDs and Tube light are well illuminated and no shadow is visible anywhere. There is connected to UPS system also. Because it is the 2nd Half of day around 3:20 P.M. so, there is no rush at this time. Thermal condition is quite good at this time. But I realized that in rush hour this will little bit heated. Ventilation is provided and some stand fans are kept to cool down the staff at rush hour. There is no vibration found anywhere, but this place is quite noise, due to Ventilator, Crockery, and food preparation sound. This is he area where really need some improvement It looks like the al the staffs were well trained to their working procedure; Movable kart with good handle with grips is there for heavy goods movement. There is one gravity bins also to move the good which are sacked or well packaged. All they working in very streamlined rhythm. It looks like there is no stress at all. Short notes on (General posture and task evaluation checklist) from Annexure At Odd Duck, Sam Childers worked in the dining room to bus the tables and roll silverware. She was able to independently gather all of the supplies needed from the busing station to roll silverware and carry it to a booth in the restaurant. Sam Childers performed the task sitting down, and she did not seem to have any problems with fatigue or attention to the task during a one hour time period. She attended to the task keeping her eyes on her work and was not distracted by the patrons in the restaurant. By the end the hour, Sam Childers was able to complete approximately 85% of the steps in the task analysis without prompting. She quickly grasped the concept of picking up one knife, spoon, and fork per napkin. The steps that she had difficulty with were positioning the silverware on the napkin and rolling it tightly around the silverware. With training, she should easily be able to acquire this skill. Sam Childers also bused tables during the assessment and did not have any difficulty orienting from the dining area to the kitchen. She required prompting to begin busing the tables and did not pick up on the natural cue of customers leaving the restaurant after their meals were completed. While Sam Childers was very methodical in cleaning the tables, she did so at a very slow speed. She preferred to use her right hand to do the task and needed prompting to use both hands simultaneously to work at a faster pace. Sam Childers could carry a bus pan weighing 15-20 pounds. By the end of an hour, she was completing 60% of the task independently. Although Sam Childers was able to perform both job duties, she experienced greater difficulty staying on task when she was moving around the restaurant to bus the tables. Sam was able to work for two hours during all of the situational assessment with a ten minute break after one hour. She independently oriented to large work areas such as finding her way from a Kitchen to the store room and bathroom once shown the location at all of the sites. She performed best when there were relatively few distractions, but she could be re-directed back to work when needed. She particularly enjoyed being with coworkers during breaks and responded to their prompting and assistance especially noted during the situational assessment at Odd Duck. The system of least prompts was most effective as an instructional strategy. He rarely needed physical prompts and typically responded best to model prompts. Short notes on (Motion economy checklist) from Annexure Work interchangeability is possible in front and side oven only, because all the ingredients are kept beside one chef who has received order. This Chef has to specify that, what work can be done by other chefs, if he is free, He can fry something and give to the first chefs. I think layout is quite good, in this layout other supporting staff can move freely and assist the main chef. Movement cannot be eliminated. Neither had it required to use strong muscle, because portable kart is given. All floors are plane, So there is no chance of Jerk. It was found that Machines used in this restaurant are state of the art technology. So all are working to give their best result. It is possible to speed-up the machine, but it can make unnecessary wear and tear. My Suggestion If I was working there, I want to change one thing that is Noise Pollution, this can be reduced by given packing in there ventilation system and keep exhaust fan outside the kitchen and extra exhaust for fumes of the central oven area. Central Top light can be replaced to place the exhaust hood. Regular check of freezer is also required. because last check sticker is showing the date of 8th of June, It its last check was more than six month old. Beside this, Odd Duck has to improve his service area also. Nos of customer has given complain about services, even eight food quality complaint has also been registered. Problem faced. The biggest problem we have faced is taking permission of the inside activity of a Restaurant kitchen. We have roamed about four restaurant in this area, But I got permitted in Odd Duck only, and in that time only when the rush is at low level. If rush is low level then problem realization is also on low level, We were not allowed to go to raw food store area, But still I am trying my best to do this enquiry. The reason for not choosing Quick service restaurant is Fast food Restaurants are special kinds of restaurants and It is chained all over the world. The Fast food recipe and merely services the table to cater to the needs of various youngsters and working professionals. The differentiating factor of these restaurants is the quick deliveries of food items which are an unusual component of working population as a data of a developed nation. Fast fodders generally aim people in the age bracket of 16-35 years, as this is the age bracket like to taste new eatables and having fast foods every day. Annexure Therblig analysis checklist Reach and Move Can either of these therbligs be eliminated? P Can distances be shortened to advantage? P Are the best means (conveyors, tongs, tweezers) being used? P Is the correct body member (fingers, wrist, forearm, shoulder) being used? P Can a gravity chute be employed? P Can transports be effected through mechanization and foot-operated devices? P Will time be reduced by transporting in larger units? P Is time increased because of the nature of the material being moved or because of a Subsequent delicate positioning? Can abrupt changes in direction be eliminated? P Grasp Would it be advisable for the operator to grasp more than one part or object at a time? P Can a contact grasp be used rather than a pickup grasp? P In other words, can objects be slid instead of carried? P Will a lip on the front of bins simplify grasping small parts? P Can tools or parts be pre-positioned for easy grasp? P Can a vacuum, magnet, rubber fingertip, or other device be used to advantage? P Can a conveyor be used? P Has the jig been designed so that operators may grasp the part easily when removing it? P Can the previous operator pre-position the tool or the work, simplifying grasp for the P next operator? Can tools be pre-positioned on a swinging bracket? P Can the work table surface be covered with a layer of sponge material so that the fingers, can enclose small parts more easily? Release Can the release be made in transit? P Can a mechanical ejector be used? P Are the bins that contain the part after its release the proper size and design? P At the end of the therblig release, are the hands in the most advantageous position for the next therblig? Can multiple units be released? No Pre-Position Can a holding device at the workstation keep tools in the proper positions and the handles in upright positions? Can tools be suspended? P Can a guide be used? P Can a magazine feed be used? P Can a stacking device be used? P Can a rotating fixture be used? P Use Can a jig or fixture be used? P Does the activity justify mechanized or automated equipment? P Would it be practical to make the assembly in multiple units? P Can a more efficient tool be used? P Can stops be used? P Is the tool being operated at the most efficient feeds and speeds? P Should a power tool be employed? P Search Are articles properly identified? P Perhaps labels or color could be utilized? P Can transparent containers be used? P Will a better layout of the workstation eliminate searching? P Is proper lighting being used? . P Can tools and parts be pre-positioned? P Select Are common parts interchangeable? P Can tools be standardized? P Are parts and materials stored in the same bin? P Can parts be pre-positioned in a rack or tray? P Position Can such devices as a guide, funnel, bushing, stop, swinging bracket, locating pin, recess, key, pilot, or chamfer be used? Can tolerances be changed? P Can the hole be counterbored or countersunk? P Can a template be used? P Can the elimination of burrs decrease the problem of positioning? P Can the article be pointed to act as a pilot? P Inspect Can inspection be eliminated or combined with another operation or therblig? P Can multiple gages or tests be used? P Will inspection time be reduced by increasing the illumination? P Are the articles being inspected at the correct distance from the worker's eyes? P Will a grazing light accentuate defects and facilitate inspection? P Would an electric eye be useful? P Does the volume justify automatic electronic inspection? P Would a magnifying glass facilitate the inspection of small parts? P Is the best inspection method being used? P Has consideration been given to polarized light, template gages, sound tests, performance tests, and so on? Rest to Overcome Fatigue Is the best order-of-muscles classification being used? P Are temperature, humidity, ventilation, noise, light, and other working conditions satisfactory? Are benches of the proper height? P Can the operator alternately sit and stand while performing work? P Does the operator have a comfortable chair of the right height? P Are mechanical means being used for heavy loads? P Is the operator aware of his or her average intake requirements in calories per day? P Hold Can a mechanical jig, such as a vise, pin, hook, rack, clip, or vacuum, be used? P Can friction be used? P Can a magnetic device be used? P Should a twin holding fixture be used? P Work environment checklist Illumination Is the illumination sufficient for the task, per IESNA recommendations? P To increase illumination, are more luminaires provided, rather than increasing the wattage of existing ones? Is there general lighting, as well as supplementary lighting? P Are the workplace and lighting arranged so as to avoid glare? P Are direct luminaires placed away from the field of vision? P Do the luminaires have baffles or diffusers? P Are work surfaces laid out perpendicular to the luminaires? P Are surfaces matted or nonglossy? P If necessary, are screen filters available for computer monitors? P Thermal conditions Heat Is the worker within the thermal comfort zone? P If not within the thermal comfort zone, has the WBGT of the working environment been measured? Are the thermal conditions within ASHRAE guidelines? P If not within guidelines, is sufficient recovery time provided? P Are procedures in place for the control of potential heat stress conditions? P Is the escape of heat controlled at the source? P Are radiation shields in place? P Is ventilation provided? P Is the air dehumidified? P Is air-conditioning provided? P Thermal conditions Cold Is the worker adequately clothed for the equivalent wind chill temperature? P Are auxiliary heaters provided? P Are gloves provided? P Ventilation Are ventilation levels acceptable, per guidelines? P Is a minimum of 300 ft3/hour/person provided? P If necessary, are local fans provided for workers? P Are these fans within a distance of 30 fan-diameter? P For local heat sources, is spot cooling provided? P Noise Levels Are noise levels below 90 dBA? P If the noise levels exceed 90 dBA, is there sufficient rest such that the 8-hour dose is less than 100%? Are noise control measures in place? P Is the noise controlled at the source with better maintenance, mufflers, rubber mou.nts?P Is the noise source isolated? P Are acoustical treatments being utilized? P As a last resort, are earplugs (or earmuffs) being used properly? P Vibration Are vibration levels within acceptable ANSI standards? P If there is vibration, can the vibration-causing sources be eliminated? P Have specially dampened seats been installed on vehicles? P Have vibration absorbing handles been attached to power tools? P. General posture and task evaluation checklist General Posture Evaluation Are the joints maintained in a neutral position (most are straight, elbow is at 90E)? P Is the work or load held close to the body? P Are forward bending postures avoided? P Are twisting postures of the trunk avoided? P Are sudden movements or jerks avoided? P Are static postures avoided? i.e., Are there changes in posture? P Are excessive reaches avoided? P Are the hands utilized in front of the body? P Task Evaluation Are static muscle exertions avoided? P Are repetitive static exertions limited to 15% of maximum strength? P Are durations of static exertion limited to several seconds? P Are pinch grips used only for low-force precision tasks? P Are large muscle groups and power grips utilized for tasks requiring force? P Is momentum utilized to assist the operator? P Are curved motions pivoting around the lowest-order joints utilized? P Are materials and tools placed within the normal working area? P Are gravity bins and drop deliveries utilized? P Are tasks carried out below shoulder level and above knuckle height? P Are lifts performed slowly with knees bent? P Are mechanical assists or additional help utilized for loads exceeding 50 pounds? P Is the workload low enough that the heart rate is steady and below 110 beats/min? P Are frequent, short rest breaks provided? P Motion economy checklist Suboperations Can a suboperation be eliminated? P As unnecessary? P By a change in the order of the work? P By a change of tools or equipment? P By a change in layout of the workplace? P By combining tools? P By a slight change of material? P By a slight change in product? P By a quick-acting clamp on the jigs or fixtures? P Can a suboperation be made easier? By better tools? P By changing leverages? P By changing positions of controls or tools? P By better material containers? P By using inertia where possible? P By lessening visual requirements? By better workplace heights? P Movements Can a movement be eliminated? P As unnecessary? P By a change in the order of work? P By combining tools? P By a change in tools or equipment? P By a drop disposal of finished material? P Can a movement be made easier? By a change in layout, shortening distances? P By changing the direction of movements? P By using different muscles? P Use the first muscle group that is strong enough for the task: (1) Finger? (2) Wrist? (3) Forearm? (4) Upper arm? (5) Trunk? By making movements continuous rather than jerky? P Holds Can a hold be eliminated? (Holding is extremely fatiguing.) As unnecessary? P By a simple holding device or fixture? P Can a hold be made easier? P By shortening its duration? P By using stronger muscle groups, such as the legs with foot-operated vises? P Delays Can a delay be eliminated or shortened? As unnecessary? P By a change in the work each body member does? P By balancing the work between the body members? P By working simultaneously on two items? P By alternating the work, each hand doing the same job, but out of phase? P Cycles Can the cycle be rearranged so that more of the handwork is done during running time? P By automatic feed? P By automatic supply of material? P By change of man and machine phase relationship? P By automatic power cutoff at completion of cut or in case of tool or material failure? P Machine Time Can the machine time be shortened? P By better tools? P By combined tools? P By higher feeds or speeds? P References: Jerome, C. Simon, L. Structural Motion Engineering. U.S.A: Springer 2006 print. Joe, B. Restaurant Man. U.S.A: A Plume Book, 2009 print. Aurora, C. and Ana, C. Ultimate Restaurant Design. U.S.A. teNeues Publishing company, 2004 Print. Freivalds. Niebel's Methods, Standards, Work Design. NY: Tata McGraw Hill, 2004 Print. Isao, K. Smalley, A. Toyota Kaizen Methods: Six Steps to Improvement. NY: CRC Press, 2011 Print. Slack, N. Chambers, S. Operations management. USA: Prentice Hall, 2007 Print. Mark, R. Steven J. Jim Buck. Introduction to Human Factors and Ergonomics for Engineers. USA: CRC press, 2008 Print Cram. Study Guide for: Introduction to Human Factors and Ergonomics for Engineers. USA: Content technology, 2014 e-print Mumford, Lewis.The Culture of Cities. New York: Harcourt, 1938. Print. Baldwin, Richard et al.Economic Geography and Public Policy. Princeton: Princeton UP, 2003. Print. GlobalWarming.org. Cooler Heads Coalition, 2007. Web. 24 May 2009. Gowdy, John. "Avoiding Self-organized Extinction: Toward a Co-evolutionary Economics of Sustainability."International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology14.1 (2007): 27-36. Print.